Which of the following is NOT an element of a scalp massage?

Stretching the skin is not typically considered an element of a scalp massage. Scalp massages are primarily focused on soothing the scalp, increasing circulation, and providing relaxation. The essential techniques involved generally include rubbing with lotion to hydrate and nourish the skin, kneading with fingers to relieve tension and stimulate blood flow, and light tapping to promote relaxation and invigorate the scalp. Each of these methods directly contributes to the overall benefits associated with scalp massages, such as promoting hair health and alleviating stress. Stretching the skin, on the other hand, does not align with the standard practices of a scalp massage and could cause discomfort or irritation rather than the relaxation and rejuvenation intended by the other techniques.